ABSTRACT
Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is commonly seenin the elderly especially owing to the aging of the spine.Growing in the facet joints, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy,disc degeneration, and osteophytes cause the spinal canal toconstrict and accordingly result in spinal cord and nerve rootcompression. If conservative treatments fail, surgicalintervention will be considered as the next treatment. Surgicaldecompression for LSS is indicated in a patient with intractablepain, neurogenic claudication, and motor weakness,accompanied by compromised spinal canal. Laminectomy forLSS is considered the standard surgical option to which othertechniques are compared. Ascertaining superiority of adecompression technique necessitates establishing if anydifferences exist in the complication rates and the functionaland symptomatic outcomes.Aim of the Study: To evaluate functional outcome oflaminectomy and laminotomy for the surgical management oflumber spine stenosis.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted inthe Department of Orthopaedics, NIIMS Medical College,Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. For the study, patients with confirmedLSS (both lateral and/or central) on MR imaging who had failedconservative management, were considered for operativemanagement. Patients with spondylolisthesis, or scoliosis andthose who had undergone fusion, discectomies or furtherrevisions were excluded from the study. Following exclusions,50 patients were enrolled; 30 underwent a laminectomy withoutfusion and 20 underwent either a bilateral or unilaterallaminotomy.Results: We observed that VAS pain score decreased 6weeks post operatively for patients who underwentlaminectomy and laminotomy, however there was slightincrease in the pain score at 1-year post operatively. Theresults on comparison were found to be statically significant.Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it canbe concluded that both surgeries were equally effective inimproving pain and disability.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Increasing urbanisation is widely associated with decline in biodiversity of all forms. The aim of the present study was to answer two questions: (i) Does rapid urbanization in Delhi (India) affect biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi? (ii) If so, how? We measured the AM fungal diversity at nine sites located in Delhi forests, which had different types of urban usage in terms of heavy vehicular traffic pollution, littering, defecation and recreational activities. The study revealed a significant decrease in AM fungal diversity (alpha diversity) and abundance measured as spore density, biovolume, mean infection percentage (MIP) in roots, soil hyphal length and easily extractable glomalin related soluble proteins (EE-GRSP) at polluted sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and nested PERMANOVA, revealed significant differences in AM fungal community structure which could be correlated with variations in soil moisture, temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen and phosphorus levels. BEST (biota and environmental matching) analysis of biological and environmental samples revealed that soil temperature and moisture accounted for 47.6 % of the total variations in the samples. The study demonstrated how different forms of human activities in urban ecosystems of Delhi are detrimental to the diversity and abundance of AM fungi.(AU)
Resumen El incremento en la urbanización está ampliamente asociado con una disminución de la biodiversidad de todas las formas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue responder dos preguntas: (i) ¿Afecta la urbanización rápida en Delhi (India) la biodiversidad de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (MA)?, y (ii) si es así, ¿Cómo? Medimos la diversidad de hongos MA en nueve sitios ubicados en los bosques de Delhi, los cuales tenían diferentes tipos de uso urbano en términos de contaminación por alto tráfico vehicular, basura, defecación y actividades recreacionales. El estudio reveló una disminución significativa en la diversidad de hongos MA (diversidad alfa) y abundancia medida como densidad de esporas, biovolumen, porcentaje medio de infección (PMI) en raíces, longitud de las hifas del suelo y glomalina fácilmente extraible relacionada con proteínas solubles (EE-GRSP) en sitios contaminados. Análisis de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (NMDS) y PERMANOVA anidados revelaron diferencias significativas en la estructura de hongos MA, que puede estar relacionada con la variación en humedad, temperatura, pH y niveles de carbono, nitrógeno y fósforo del suelo. El análisis BEST (biota y correspondencia ambiental) de muestras biológicas y ambientales mostró que la temperatura y humedad del suelo explican un 47.6 % del total de la variación en las muestras. Este estudio demostró cómo las diferentes actividades humanas en ecosistemas urbanos de Delhi son perjudiciales para la diversidad y abundancia de hongos MA.(AU)